Structure

1.2.- STRUCTURE
1.2.1.- Keel, stem, sternpost, frames, beams, gunwales, gunwale, bulkheads, plan and bilge

to) Keel: It is a piece longitudinal of iron, wood or fiber that runs from bow to stern at the bottom of the hull (fig.1.11), ending in the wheel and elbow respectively. It can be considered to be the backbone of the hull itself as it is the base of the frames. Sometimes, to reinforce it, it has another one on top called keelson. Sometimes, to attenuate the rolls, inclined keels (over 45o) called balance keels. In wooden boats they usually have what is called a false keel or shoe whose function is protection when grounded. In sailing vessels, the keel is fitted with an additional piece called keel, whose main function is reduce the depression and driftThis piece can be fixed or folding.

b) Stem: piece of wood, fiber or iron of the same section as the keel that, joined either vertically or inclined (straight or curved), finishes the hull in the bow part (fig. 1.11-A). The piece that joins the keel with the stem depending on the type of bow, is called foot of wheel.

c) Codaste: Just like the stem, it is a piece of iron or wood that is attached to the keel in the stern end perpendicularly or almost perpendicularly (fig.1.11-B). In single-screw vessels two parts are distinguished, the bowsprit which has a hole (horn) through which the propeller shaft and the aft sternpost which usually have bolts to house the rudder. The piece that joins the keel with the sternpost is called coral curve.

d) Frames: They form what is commonly known as the skeleton of the ship, they are pieces transversal (fig.1.11) in the form of V or of OR which go from the keel to the top of the side. The one located in the middle is the widest one.
rest being called master notebook. These elements are the ones that They give shape to the helmet.

and) Baths: reinforcement transversal which go from port to starboard (fig.1.11) and their main function is to hold the cover, although they also perform other functions such as to brace the frames either keep your distance. They are usually curved outwards to facilitate drainage through the scuppers.

F) Rail: is the top of side, considered as the one between the cover and the beginning of the
give away (fig.1.11-C) the latter being the piece that covers the heads of the reverse sides of the ties, forming the upper part of the gunwale, a part that should not be confused with the gunwale.

g) Gift: part longitudinal that runs from bow to stern (fig.1.11-D) covering the ends of the gunwales (upper part of the frame that protrudes from the gunwale through its corresponding mortise and that serves to support the gunwale). The part that covers the gunwale is called gift cap.

h) Bulkheads: It can be said that they are the ship's bulkheads To separate the different compartments, they can be
so much longitudinal as transversal. There are some with a very specific purpose, for example,
called watertight bulkheads whose purpose is to ensure buoyancy, there is also the collision bulkhead Located at the bow, the purpose of which is to prevent the vessel from flooding in a bow collision.

Yo) Plan: is the bottom of the boat (fig.1.11-D), in ships with more than one deck it is the lowest deck.

j) Bilge: are the lower parts where the waters are deposited (fig.1.11-D) that are filtered or those coming from the liquid spills, washdowns, etc.. Its purpose is precisely to store them for later pump them out using a bilge pump (bilge pump).

Fig 1.11 A – 1.11 B

Fig 1.11 C

Fig 1.11 D

1.2.2.- Bottom taps

They are valves located below the waterline (fig.1.12) that take sea water through a pump to supply the different services (sinks, toilets, refrigeration). Among all of them there is one that stands out for its importance in those boats with inboard motor (bench) whose function is to engine coolingIt is advisable that all valves remain closed when the boat is going to be inactive for some time to ensure buoyancy. It is also advisable close all, except for engine cooling, when let's sail in bad weather.

It has a rack exterior to prevent the entry of algae and debris.

Fig 1.12

1.2.3.- Bilge pumps
They are machines that can be manual or electric (fig.1.13) whose purpose is to extract liquids from the different compartments of the boat

One of the most characteristic is the one that is installed in the bilge in order to extract the liquids accumulated there from spills (rain water, washing, engine waste, etc.), its most important function being to act when there are leaks through the tail shaft (stern tube) since if in this case no prompt action is taken, buoyancy may be affected. For this purpose, a automatic bilge pump so that when the water reaches a preset level (by means of a buoy) it starts to work automatically. When the engine is gasoline Care must be taken when installing electric pumps and placing them in well-ventilated areas to prevent sparks from the electric motor from causing an explosion due to the accumulation of gases.

Manual

Fig 1.13 Electrical